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In decision theory and quantitative policy analysis, the expected value of including information (EVIU) is the expected difference in the value of a decision based on a probabilistic analysis versus a decision based on an analysis that ignores uncertainty. == Background == Decisions must be made every day in the ubiquitous presence of uncertainty. For most day-to-day decisions, various heuristics are used to act reasonably in the presence of uncertainty, often with little thought about its presence. However, for larger high-stakes decisions or decisions in highly public situations, decision makers may often benefit from a more systematic treatment of their decision problem, such as through quantitative analysis. To facilitate methodical analysis, while retaining transparency in the decision making process, analysts make use of quantitative modeling software such as Analytica. The academic field that focuses on this style of decision making and analysis is known as decision analysis. When building a quantitative decision model, a model builder identifies various relevant factors, and encodes these as ''input variables''. From these inputs, other quantities, called ''result variables'', can be computed; these provide information for the decision maker. For example, in the example detailed below, I must decide how soon before my flight to leave for the airport (my decision). One input variable is how long it takes to drive from my house to the airport parking garage. From this and other inputs, the model can compute whether I'm likely to miss the flight and what the net cost (in minutes) will be for various decisions. To reach a decision, a very common practice is to ignore uncertainty. Decisions are reached through quantitative analysis and model building by simply using a ''best guess'' (single value) for each input variable. Decisions are then made on computed ''point estimates''. In many cases, however, ignoring uncertainty can lead to very poor decisions, with estimations for result variables often misleading the decision maker An alternative to ignoring uncertainty in quantiative decision models is to explicitly encode uncertainty as part of the model. Due to the adoption of powerful software tools such as Analytica that allows representations of uncertainty to be explicitly encoded, along with high availability of computation power, this practice is becoming more commonplace among decision analytic modelers. With this approach, a probability distribution is provided for each input variable, rather than a single best guess. The variance in that distribution reflects the degree of subjective uncertainty (or lack of knowledge) in the input quantity. The software tools then use methods such as Monte Carlo analysis to propagate the uncertainty to result variables, so that a decision maker obtains an explicit picture of the impact that uncertainty has on his decisions, and in many cases can make a much better decision as a result. When comparing the two approaches—ignoring uncertainty versus modeling uncertainty explicitly—the natural question to ask is how much difference it really makes to the quality of the decisions reached. In the 1960s, Ronald A. Howard proposed one such measure, the expected value of perfect information (EVPI), a measure of how much it would be worth to learn the "true" values for all uncertain input variables. While providing a highly useful measure of sensitivity to uncertainty, the EVPI does not directly capture the actual improvement in decisions obtained from explicitly representing and reasoning about uncertainty. For this, Max Henrion, in his Ph.D. thesis, introduced the ''expected value of including uncertainty'' (EVIU), the topic of this article. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Expected value of including uncertainty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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